Firstly, I would like to thank the ALCS for their kind generosity, as their financial support allowed me to travel to Amsterdam to conduct vital object-based research at the Rijksmuseum and meet other researchers within the field of ebony furniture, a tremendous step forward at the start of my PhD journey.

On the invitation of Dr Alexander Dencher, Curator of Furniture at the Rijksmuseum, I participated in Material Matters: Ebony, a small conference bringing together the research and findings of experts within the field of ebony furniture. Contributors included senior members of the Rijksmuseum's conservation team, as well as art historians and research students from the University of Amsterdam and University of Antwerp. 

Of a primarily scientific focus, the conference highlighted the need to identify the exact species of wood used to build and veneer so-called ‘ebony’ furniture within museum collections, as the term ‘ebony’ is notoriously vague and until the recent past had been used to refer to different species of wood, such as Dalbergia melanoxylon (African Blackwood), Dalbergia nigra (Brazilian Rosewood), and several members of the genus Diospyros family (which is now most closely associated with ebony). This concern for correct identification also extended to the examination of different varnishing and dying techniques, as their use in furniture construction and restoration makes precise identification difficult. Identifying the exact species would not only provide further clarity concerning the trade in exotic woods, but would also help bring to light long lost furniture-making techniques.

My presentation approached the issue from an art historical perspective, as by closely examining first handwritten descriptions of ebony and its qualities, I wished to discover the characteristics for which ebony was appreciated in the Netherlands during the seventeenth century. Of particular interest to me was the work of Jan Dorscheid (Associate Conservator of Furniture, Rijksmuseum), whose understanding of ebony’s properties and the necessary tool modifications needed to work with such dense wood species was of primary importance to my own research. The archival research of art historian Dr Cynthia Kok, tracing the activities of ebony workers active in Amsterdam in the seventeenth century, was also especially relevant.

My visit to the Rijksmuseum’s storage facilities at CollectieCentrum Nederland, and the Rijksmuseum’s displayed furniture collection in Amsterdam, gave me further opportunities to view various seventeenth-century furniture pieces up close, providing me with a deeper understanding of how they were constructed, and allowing me to capture detailed photographs necessary for my work.

Thanks to this grant I was able to make these first-hand observations, share my ideas, gather expertise, and begin laying the foundations for a long-term research project. This support has proven invaluable for continued development within the field of Early Modern Dutch Furniture, and opened up previously unattainable access to both relevant artefacts and researcher networks.

First things first, I’d like to say a big thank you to the Association for Low Countries Studies (ALCS)! Your financial support has been instrumental to the History PhD I have now successfully completed, as I made sure to indicate in my acknowledgements. 

I received a first grant from the ALCS to carry out archival research in Amsterdam, and I was particularly grateful for the Association’s flexibility and understanding, as I had to reshuffle my travel plans multiple times due to COVID-19 restrictions. The ALCS generously supported me with a further grant last year, which made it possible for me to attend two key conferences.

In June 2023, I presented a paper on early modern machine books and hydraulic technologies at the Scientiae conference in Prague. Scientiae is one of the foremost conferences for historians of early modern science, philosophy, and knowledge. As part of the panel ‘Useful tools. The role of practical knowledge in the development of Early Modern hydraulic expertise’, I presented on a range of hydraulic tools, among which Dutch materials featured prominently. In particular, I discussed the importance of the water levelling instrument invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1679 and deployed in Amsterdam to measure the depth of the IJ shortly thereafter.

In August 2023, I co-organised and co-chaired a round-table discussion on ‘How do we become environmental historians?’ at the conference of the European Society for Environmental History (ESEH) in Bern (Switzerland). I first got to know my fellow co-organiser Mathijs Boom during one of my research visits to Amsterdam, where he completed his PhD at the Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA). This is the second project on which we collaborate, which highlights the value of ALCS funding not just for data collection but also for building ties between the British and Dutch academic worlds. The round-table was a success, as is evident from the attached picture: over fifty people came to listen to our six panellists debate the state of environmental history and the future of the field.

In March 2020, I set out on a tour of Dutch archives in order to study a group of people whose activities outside of home and in public spaces were increasingly restricted, leading to the development of a wide variety of media to be consumed at home, made in order to take the place of public activities that were no longer possible. Sound familiar?

While this connection may be tenuous, COVID-19 has not stopped me from pursuing my doctoral thesis, researching printing for the Roman Catholic community in the 17th-century Dutch Republic. In this period, Catholics made up a substantial proportion of the population in the northern Netherlands, but were forced to subsist in the margins, as any form of public worship was banned and they were disallowed from holding public office or using public funds.

However, they maintained a robust print culture, either printing or importing everything the community needed, from single-sheet devotional prints to Vulgate Bibles. My project aims to document how the Catholic community obtained and used this print, and how it impacted their experience as a religious subculture.

As much of the Catholic print in the North was imported from the southern Netherlands, and many residents of the Dutch Republic still saw themselves as part of a unified Belgium, this is very much a project that involves the Low Countries as a whole.

My research has taken me both to archives and libraries. Last year, I received generous funding from the ALCS to visit several archives in Antwerp in order to investigate the trade in Catholic books between the northern and southern Netherlands.

Though COVID-19 forced me to cancel my trip halfway through, I have been able to continue this research thanks to the digitisation projects carried out at institutions like the Plantin-Moretus Museum and the Hendrik Conscience Heritage Library, and the advice of archivists and librarians who have been extremely generous with their time and resources.

These digital investigations have already yielded fascinating results. The personal and familial relationships between printers and booksellers in Antwerp and the Dutch Republic, especially Amsterdam, have long been known to be strong.

Members of the trade collaborated, corresponded, loaned each other money, and set up their children to marry to ensure the union of their dynasties. Records from the archives at the Plantin-Moretus Museum have shown that their professional relationships, too, were fruitful.

Receipts and ledgers inform us that thousands of Catholic books were imported from Antwerp to every province in the Dutch Republic, and Dutch books were even sent back to be resold in Antwerp. A remarkable number of female printers and booksellers, like Catharina Kiel (shown above), participated in this family trade as well.

While I very much look forward to seeing this material in person, it is remarkable what kinds of research ambitious digitisation has made possible. Researchers owe a great debt to the work of archivists and librarians, for their guidance and diligence in ensuring this kind of inquiry can still take place during a pandemic. I owe many thanks, too, to the ALCS for their generous support of my research at such a turbulent time, and look forward to sharing more of my findings in the future!